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Iterator: A special method such as each, upto, or times that steps through a list element by element. This process is called iteration, and each, upto, and times are iterator methods. Interpolation: The mixing of expressions into strings. Array: A collection of objects or values with a defined, regular order. Hash: A collection of objects or values associated with keys. A key can be used to find its respective value inside a hash, but items inside a hash have no specific order. It s a lookup table, much like the index of a book or a dictionary. Regular expression: A way to describe patterns in text that can be matched and compared against. Flow control: The process of managing which sections of code to execute based on certain conditions and states. Code block: A section of code, often used as an argument to an iterator method, that has no discrete name and that is not a method itself, but that can be called and handled by a method that receives it as an argument. Code blocks can also be stored in variables as objects of the Proc class. Range: The representation for an entire range of values between a start and an end point. Symbol: A Ruby symbol is a unique reference. Symbols don t contain values, as variables do, but can be used to maintain a consistent reference within code. They can be considered constants without values. Now it s time to put together some of these basic elements and develop a fully working program in 4.

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anecdote with a black screen, a chart, and only the axes of the chart the line will be drawn by hand.

n this chapter we re going to look at some advanced Ruby techniques that have not been covered in prior chapters. This chapter is the last instructional chapter in the second part of the book, and although we ll be covering useful libraries, frameworks, and Ruby-related technologies in Part 3, this chapter rounds off the mandatory knowledge that any proficient Ruby programmer should have. This means that although this chapter will jump between several different topics, each is essential to becoming a professional Ruby developer. The myriad topics covered in this chapter include how to create Ruby code dynamically on the fly, methods to make your Ruby code safe, how to issue commands to the operating system, how to integrate with Microsoft Windows, and how to create libraries for Ruby using other programming languages. Essentially, this chapter is designed to cover a range of discrete, important topics that you might find you need to use, but that fall outside the immediate scope of other chapters.

As a dynamic, interpreted language, Ruby is able to execute code created dynamically. The way to do this is with the eval method. For example:

If you want to explore more than one sketch option for any slide in your storyboard, select the slide in Slide Sorter view, and then click Ctrl+D to duplicate it. Now try a different sketch on the duplicated slide, or create several slides and compare them side by side before you decide which sketch you like best.

string.maketrans(from, to)

eval "puts 2 + 2"

Note that while 4 is displayed, 4 is not returned as the result of the whole eval expression. puts always returns nil. To return 4 from eval, you can do this:

7

puts eval("2 + 2")

Here s a more complex example that uses strings and interpolation:

Lists, strings, and dictionaries are three of the most important data types in Python. You ve seen lists and strings, so guess what s next In the next chapter, you see how dictionaries not only support indices, but other kinds of keys (such as strings or tuples) as well. Dictionaries also support a few methods, although not as many as strings.